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Probability of a Perfect Bracket
Introduction
A question I get a lot in March is, "What is the probability of filling out a March Madness bracket completely perfectly?" A frequently quoted statistic in the media is 1 in 9,223,372,036,854,780,000. This quotation is based on guessing randomly, which nobody does, and makes the hair on the back of my neck stand up. Here I will give a basic strategy you can follow, knowing nothing about basketball, and an estimate of your probability of success with said strategy.
Rules
Following are the rules of the tournament. If you already know them, you can skip this part.
For most intents and purposes, the tournament is single elimination, starting with 64 teams. To satisfy my perfectionist readers, there are actually 68 teams, where eight of them are matched up in four games. The winners of those four games, and 60 other teams, result in 64 teams, which is when the bracket picking typically begins.
The 64 teams are divided into four different conferences, North, South, West, and East, of 16 teams each. Each team in each conference will have a "seed," from 1 to 16, which is meant to be a ranking of their ability, although it is an imperfect method. Next the following will happen:
- The four 1 seeds will play the four 16 seeds.
- The four 8 seeds will play the four 9 seeds.
- The four 5 seeds will play the four 12 seeds.
- The four 4 seeds will play the four 13 seeds.
- The four 6 seeds will play the four 11 seeds.
- The four 3 seeds will play the four 14 seeds.
- The four 2 seeds will play the four 15 seeds.
- The four 7 seeds will play the four 10 seeds.
- After the games in steps 1 to 8, the 64 teams will be narrowed down to 32.
- The winners from rule 1 will play the winners from rule 2.
- The winners from rule 3 will play the winners from rule 4.
- The winners from rule 5 will play the winners from rule 6.
- The winners from rule 7 will play the winners from rule 8.
- After the games in steps 10 to 13, the 32 remaining teams will be narrowed down to 16.
- The winners from rule 10 will play the winners from rule 11.
- The winners from rule 12 will play the winners from rule 13.
- After the games in steps 15 and 16, the 16 remaining teams will be narrowed down to eight.
- The winners from rule 15 will play the winners from rule 16.
- After the games in step 18, the eight remaining teams will be narrowed down to 4. This will establish a winner from each of the four divisions.
- The winner of the regional that had the #1 overall team as determined by the NCAA basketball committee when selecting the tournament teams plays the winner of the regional that had the #4 overall team; with the winner advancing.
- The winners of the two regions, not mentioned in rule 20, play each other, with the winner advancing.
- The winners of steps 20 and 21 will play, the winner winning the tournament.
Once it gets to 64 teams, there are 32+16+8+4+2+1=63 games in the tournament.
Basic Strategy
Always pick the team with the higher-ranking seed, or lower number. For example, in the four games where a number 1 seed plays a number 16 seed, pick the number 1 seed. Of the 136 times a 1 seed has played a 16 seed, the number one seed won 135 times. 2018 saw the first number one seed lose to a 16 seed when UMBC (which has a great chess team) beat the University of Virginia.
When you get down to a number one seed winning each of the four divisions, pick the remaining three games randomly.
Matchups
The following table shows many face-offs there have been among all unbalanced match-ups have that happened at least once. This does not include games where teams of equal seed played against each other. The right column shows the probability the higher ranked team won.
Unbalanced Matchup Results
| Higher Seed | Lower Seed | Games Played | Higher Seed Wins | Probability |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 67 | 36 | 0.537313 |
| 1 | 3 | 36 | 22 | 0.611111 |
| 1 | 4 | 64 | 47 | 0.734375 |
| 1 | 5 | 48 | 40 | 0.833333 |
| 1 | 6 | 13 | 10 | 0.769231 |
| 1 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 0.857143 |
| 1 | 8 | 75 | 60 | 0.800000 |
| 1 | 9 | 71 | 65 | 0.915493 |
| 1 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 0.833333 |
| 1 | 11 | 8 | 4 | 0.500000 |
| 1 | 12 | 20 | 20 | 1.000000 |
| 1 | 13 | 4 | 4 | 1.000000 |
| 1 | 16 | 144 | 143 | 0.993056 |
| 2 | 3 | 56 | 34 | 0.607143 |
| 2 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 0.428571 |
| 2 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0.000000 |
| 2 | 6 | 30 | 23 | 0.766667 |
| 2 | 7 | 82 | 57 | 0.695122 |
| 2 | 8 | 7 | 2 | 0.285714 |
| 2 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0.000000 |
| 2 | 10 | 52 | 34 | 0.653846 |
| 2 | 11 | 18 | 15 | 0.833333 |
| 2 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 1.000000 |
| 2 | 15 | 144 | 134 | 0.930556 |
| 3 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 0.571429 |
| 3 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 0.500000 |
| 3 | 6 | 75 | 45 | 0.600000 |
| 3 | 7 | 15 | 9 | 0.600000 |
| 3 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 1.000000 |
| 3 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 1.000000 |
| 3 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 0.666667 |
| 3 | 11 | 49 | 32 | 0.653061 |
| 3 | 14 | 144 | 122 | 0.847222 |
| 3 | 15 | 2 | 2 | 1.000000 |
| 4 | 5 | 75 | 42 | 0.560000 |
| 4 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0.500000 |
| 4 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0.400000 |
| 4 | 8 | 9 | 4 | 0.444444 |
| 4 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 0.666667 |
| 4 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 1.000000 |
| 4 | 12 | 39 | 26 | 0.666667 |
| 4 | 13 | 144 | 113 | 0.784722 |
| 5 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1.000000 |
| 5 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 0.333333 |
| 5 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 0.333333 |
| 5 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 1.000000 |
| 5 | 12 | 144 | 93 | 0.645833 |
| 5 | 13 | 19 | 16 | 0.842105 |
| 6 | 7 | 9 | 6 | 0.666667 |
| 6 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0.000000 |
| 6 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 0.571429 |
| 6 | 11 | 144 | 90 | 0.625000 |
| 6 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 0.866667 |
| 7 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 0.500000 |
| 7 | 10 | 144 | 87 | 0.604167 |
| 7 | 11 | 3 | 0 | 0.000000 |
| 7 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 1.000000 |
| 7 | 15 | 5 | 3 | 0.600000 |
| 8 | 9 | 144 | 74 | 0.513889 |
| 8 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 1.000000 |
| 8 | 12 | 2 | 0 | 0.000000 |
| 8 | 13 | 1 | 1 | 1.000000 |
| 8 | 16 | 1 | 0 | 0.000000 |
| 9 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0.000000 |
| 9 | 13 | 1 | 1 | 1.000000 |
| 10 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 0.333333 |
| 10 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 1.000000 |
| 10 | 15 | 5 | 5 | 1.000000 |
| 11 | 14 | 7 | 6 | 0.857143 |
| 12 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 0.750000 |
Analysis
The way I used to analyze the probability of a perfect bracket was to look at historical experience of any one seed beating another seed. For example, the probability of a 4 seed beating a 5 seed. At the time of this writing, with 36 years of data from 1985 to 2021, such a matchup has happened 75 times, with the 4 seed winning 42 of them, for a probability of 56%. This is a decent method, but suffers from a small sample size problem. I think a better way to get at the probability of the higher seeded team winning any given game, according to the two seed numbers, is to look at all 2,268 tournament games played in the 36 years between 1985 and 2021. Doing so gave me the opportunity to smooth out the ups and down in the data and make for a better estimate. I get into how I did more more deeply in my page on March Madness.
The following table shows the probability of the higher seeded team winning any possible matchup necessary to win if the player picked the higher seeded team every game. In the case of a 1 seed playing a 1 seed, I assume a 50% chance of winining any given game. The "old method" probability looks at the exact probability, based on historical experience. The "new method" is based on my method of smoothing out the data to get a more accurate picture of the strength of any given seed.
Probability Favorite Wins
| Round | Event | Games Played | Probability Old Method |
Probability New Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 beats 16 | 4 | 0.993056 | 0.993049 |
| 1 | 2 beats 15 | 4 | 0.930556 | 0.933458 |
| 1 | 3 beats 14 | 4 | 0.847222 | 0.887485 |
| 1 | 4 beats 13 | 4 | 0.784722 | 0.832170 |
| 1 | 5 beats 12 | 4 | 0.645833 | 0.768372 |
| 1 | 6 beats 11 | 4 | 0.625000 | 0.697340 |
| 1 | 7 beats 10 | 4 | 0.604167 | 0.620749 |
| 1 | 8 beats 9 | 4 | 0.513889 | 0.540650 |
| 2 | 1 beats 8 | 4 | 0.800000 | 0.792047 |
| 2 | 4 beats 5 | 4 | 0.560000 | 0.540873 |
| 2 | 3 beats 6 | 4 | 0.600000 | 0.622246 |
| 2 | 2 beats 7 | 4 | 0.695122 | 0.702952 |
| 3 | 1 beats 4 | 4 | 0.734375 | 0.668944 |
| 3 | 2 beats 3 | 4 | 0.607143 | 0.551538 |
| 4 | 1 beats 2 | 4 | 0.537313 | 0.578959 |
| 5 | 1 beats 1 | 2 | 0.500000 | 0.500000 |
| 6 | 1 beats 1 | 1 | 0.500000 | 0.500000 |
Before going on, let me use the notation of pr(x) = probability of event x happening. For example, pr(rolling a total of 7 with two dice) = 1/6.
Remember that there are four divisions in the tournament, so for the first four rounds, the player will have to win any given matchup four times.
The probability of winning all 32 games in the first round and advancing to round 2 is: [pr(1 seed beats 16 seed)*pr(2 seed beats 15 seed)*pr(3 seed beats 14 seed)*pr(4 seed beats 13 seed)*pr(5 seed beats 12 seed)*pr(6 seed beats 11 seed)*pr(7 seed beats 10 seed)*pr(8 seed beats 9 seed)]^4.
Under the new method, this probability of surviving to round 2 is 1 in 4,354.
In round 2, the player will have 16 games to win. Assuming he survives round 1, the probability of surviving round 2 will be [pr(1 seed beats 8 seed)*pr(2 seed beats 7 seed)*pr(3 seed beats 6 seed)*pr(4 seed beats 5 seed)]^4. This probability, using the new method is 1 in 811. The probability of surviving both rounds 1 and 2 is 1 in 3,531,138.
In round 3, the player will have 8 games to win. Assuming he survives rounds 1 and 2, the probability of surviving round 3 will be [pr(1 seed beats 4 seed)*pr(2 seed beats 3 seed)]^4. This probability, using the new method is 1 in 54. The probability of surviving to this point, from the beginning, is about 1 in 190 million.
In round 4, the player will have 4 games to win. These will all be 1 seed vs. 1 seed games. Let's assume a 50% chance of winning each game. The probability of winning all four games is (1/2)^4 = 1 in 16. The probability of surviving to this point, from the beginning, is about 1 in 1.7 billion.
In round 5, the player will have 2 games to win. These will all be 1 seed vs. 1 seed games. Again, let's assume a 50% chance of winning each game. The probability of winning both games is (1/2)^2 = 1 in 4. The probability of surviving to this point, from the beginning, is about 1 in 6.8 billion.
The player will still have one more game to win, the championship game. If he survived this far, it will be another 1 seed vs. 1 seed. Let's again assume a 50% chance of winning. That brings the probability of survival through the championship game, for a perfect bracket, to about 1 in 13.6 billion.
By the way, using the old method results in a probability of a perfect bracket of 1 in 56.7 billion.
Warren Buffett Prize
Warren Buffett has offered $1,000,000 per year, for life, to any employee of his who can fill out a perfect bracket. Warren has about 377,000 employees (source). Assuming each one followed the strategy above, and lived 60 more years, the expected value per employee is 0.4 cents and the expected cost to Mr. Buffet over all his employees is $1,667.
If you don't want to risk sharing the glory of a perfect bracket with someone else following my strategy, I'd suggest picking one or two 9 seeds to beat an 8 seed. The probability of the nine seed beating an eight seed is 47.8%, so a small sacrifice to increase your chances at hogging the glory of a perfect bracket to yourself.
Compare Online NBA Odds
Basketball : Basketball Euroleague
| Upcoming matches | Game | Money Line | Spread | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wed Oct 23rd 2pm | KK Partizan NIS - virtus-segafredo-bologna |
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| Thu Oct 24th 1pm | AS Monaco - paris-basketball | |||
| Thu Oct 24th 1pm | Žalgiris - maccabi-tel-aviv | |||
| Thu Oct 24th 2pm | Saski Baskonia - alba-berlin | |||
| Thu Oct 24th 2pm | Pallacanestro Olimpia Milano - anadolu-efes | |||
| Thu Oct 24th 2pm | Real Madrid - kk-crvena-zvezda | |||
| Fri Oct 25th 1pm | Fenerbahce SK - panathinaikos | |||
| Fri Oct 25th 2pm | FC Barcelona Bàsquet - asvel-lyon-villeurbanne | |||
| Fri Oct 25th 2pm | FC Bayern München - olympiacos |
Basketball : NBA
| Upcoming matches | Game | Money Line | Spread | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tue Oct 22nd 8pm | Boston Celtics - new-york-knicks |
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| Tue Oct 22nd 10pm | Los Angeles Lakers - minnesota-timberwolves |
100
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-105 (1)
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-110 (222.5)
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| Wed Oct 23rd 7pm | Detroit Pistons - indiana-pacers |
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| Wed Oct 23rd 7pm | Philadelphia 76ers - milwaukee-bucks |
143
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-105 (3.5)
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| Wed Oct 23rd 7pm | Miami Heat - orlando-magic |
-125
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| Wed Oct 23rd 7pm | Toronto Raptors - cleveland-cavaliers |
215
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| Wed Oct 23rd 7pm | Atlanta Hawks - brooklyn-nets |
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| Wed Oct 23rd 8pm | New Orleans Pelicans - chicago-bulls |
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-105 (225.5)
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| Wed Oct 23rd 8pm | Houston Rockets - charlotte-hornets |
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| Wed Oct 23rd 9pm | Utah Jazz - memphis-grizzlies |
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| Wed Oct 23rd 10pm | Portland Trail Blazers - golden-state-warriors |
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| Wed Oct 23rd 10pm | Los Angeles Clippers - phoenix-suns |
170
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-105 (4.5)
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| Thu Oct 24th 7pm | Washington Wizards - boston-celtics |
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| Thu Oct 24th 7pm | Dallas Mavericks - san-antonio-spurs |
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| Thu Oct 24th 9pm | Denver Nuggets - oklahoma-city-thunder |
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-105 (225.5)
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| Thu Oct 24th 10pm | Sacramento Kings - minnesota-timberwolves |
-115
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| Fri Oct 25th 7pm | New York Knicks - indiana-pacers |
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| Upcoming matches | Game | Money Line | Spread | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sat Nov 2nd 9pm | Washington Wizards - miami-heat |
| Upcoming matches | Game | Money Line | Spread | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tue Nov 12th 6pm | Detroit Pistons - miami-heat |
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| Tue Nov 12th 6pm | Orlando Magic - charlotte-hornets |
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| Tue Nov 12th 6pm | Boston Celtics - atlanta-hawks |
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| Tue Nov 12th 6pm | Philadelphia 76ers - new-york-knicks |
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| Tue Nov 12th 7pm | Milwaukee Bucks - toronto-raptors |
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| Tue Nov 12th 8pm | Utah Jazz - phoenix-suns |
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| Tue Nov 12th 9pm | Golden State Warriors - dallas-mavericks |
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| Tue Nov 12th 9pm | Portland Trail Blazers - minnesota-timberwolves |
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| Fri Nov 15th 6pm | Toronto Raptors - detroit-pistons |
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| Fri Nov 15th 6pm | Indiana Pacers - miami-heat |
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| Fri Nov 15th 6pm | Orlando Magic - philadelphia-76ers |
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| Fri Nov 15th 6pm | Atlanta Hawks - washington-wizards |
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| Fri Nov 15th 6pm | New York Knicks - brooklyn-nets |
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| Fri Nov 15th 6pm | Cleveland Cavaliers - chicago-bulls |
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| Fri Nov 15th 6pm | San Antonio Spurs - los-angeles-lakers |
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| Fri Nov 15th 7pm | Oklahoma City Thunder - phoenix-suns |
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| Fri Nov 15th 7pm | New Orleans Pelicans - denver-nuggets |
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| Fri Nov 15th 7pm | Houston Rockets - los-angeles-clippers |
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| Fri Nov 15th 9pm | Golden State Warriors - memphis-grizzlies |
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| Fri Nov 15th 9pm | Sacramento Kings - minnesota-timberwolves |
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| Upcoming matches | Game | Money Line | Spread | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wed Dec 25th 12pm | New York Knicks - san-antonio-spurs |
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| Wed Dec 25th 2pm | Dallas Mavericks - minnesota-timberwolves |
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| Wed Dec 25th 5pm | Boston Celtics - philadelphia-76ers |
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| Wed Dec 25th 8pm | Golden State Warriors - los-angeles-lakers |
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| Wed Dec 25th 10pm | Phoenix Suns - denver-nuggets |
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| Mon Jan 20th 12pm | Charlotte Hornets - dallas-mavericks |
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| Mon Jan 20th 2pm | Houston Rockets - detroit-pistons |
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| Mon Jan 20th 3pm | Memphis Grizzlies - minnesota-timberwolves |
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| Mon Jan 20th 3pm | New York Knicks - atlanta-hawks |
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| Mon Jan 20th 4pm | Cleveland Cavaliers - phoenix-suns |
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| Mon Jan 20th 5pm | Golden State Warriors - boston-celtics |
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| Mon Jan 20th 8pm | New Orleans Pelicans - utah-jazz |
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| Thu Jan 23rd 2pm | Indiana Pacers - san-antonio-spurs |
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| Sat Jan 25th 12pm | San Antonio Spurs - indiana-pacers |
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Basketball : NBA Championship Winner
| Sat May 31st 6pm | Competitor/Team | Quote |
|---|---|---|
| Boston Celtics |
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| Oklahoma City Thunder |
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| New York Knicks |
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| Philadelphia 76ers |
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| Denver Nuggets |
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| Minnesota Timberwolves |
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| Dallas Mavericks |
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| Milwaukee Bucks |
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| Phoenix Suns |
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| Memphis Grizzlies |
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| Los Angeles Lakers |
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| Golden State Warriors |
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| New Orleans Pelicans |
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| Miami Heat |
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| Cleveland Cavaliers |
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| Orlando Magic |
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| Indiana Pacers |
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| Sacramento Kings |
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| Houston Rockets |
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| Los Angeles Clippers |
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| San Antonio Spurs |
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| Atlanta Hawks |
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| Chicago Bulls |
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| Utah Jazz |
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| Brooklyn Nets |
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| Charlotte Hornets |
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| Detroit Pistons |
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| Toronto Raptors |
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| Washington Wizards |
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| Portland Trail Blazers |
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External Links
Discussion about this page in my forum at Wizard of Vegas.