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Ask The Wizard #226
I found an online casino with two interesting blackjack rules. The first is that a player 21 will push against a dealer blackjack. The second is that a blackjack tie pays 3 to 2. What is the effect on the house edge of these rules?
Based on six decks, I show a player 21 pushing against a blackjack lowers the house edge by 0.37%. A blackjack tie paying 3 to 2 lowers the house edge by 0.32%. No strategy changes are required.
I have a follow-up question with regard to your page on betting on the NBA. You noted the low probability of a margin of victory of one point. Is this logical according to rules of probability? According to basketball-reference.com, teams usually have best players shooting 60% for 2-pointers and 40% for 3-pointers. It would therefore seem to me that coaches should go for the immediate win of a 3-pointer (and thus have 40% chance to win) rather than the 30% chance to win by a 2-pointer (60% chance of making, followed by 50% chance of winning in overtime).
This may be balanced by the fact that going for a 2-pointer in final seconds you are more likely to be fouled and get 2 easy points, but even still, the best foul shooters run around 85%, meaning a 72% chance of making both, followed by 50% chance of winning in overtime, for a total of 36%. What is your take on these this?
I hope you’re happy. My knowledge of basketball rules and strategy is pretty weak, so I asked some friends stronger than me in that area, and never got the same answer twice. Some answers were direct opposites of each other. Two theories I got out of the discussion are (1) the overall field goal percentage for the NBA is more like 50% (source), and (2) there is a chance going for a 2-point shot that the shooter will get fouled, and make the shot anyway. Sorry I can’t do better than that.
My wife and I are regular slot machine players, and have noticed that when a new slot machine gets into a casino, the "good hits" or payouts from hits, or bonus games seem to be much more frequent. Once the game "draws you in," so to speak, then it seems like it shuts down, and the hits and bonus rounds are less frequent. Can a casino legally put controls on how much a machine hits or enters into a bonus round?
If you are implying the casino is changing the odds of the game while you're sitting there playing it, then I would say that is just a myth. To change the odds of a game, the slot maker would have to open up the game and change the EPROM chip. With server based game, where this can be done remotely, regulations require that the game be unplayed for a certain number of minutes before any changes can made.
If you are implying that the casino sets a slot machine loose for the first so many days, to draw new players, and then switches the EPROM to a stingier one, then I would disagree as well. That could easily be done, and legally, but I doubt it is. In my slot machine survey I found that any given casino was fairly consistent in how loose or tight they set their slots.
Knowing that team A scores 1.5 goals per game on average, and team B scores 1.2 goals per game on average, what are the chances that in a game between A and B:
1) A will score more than B
2) B will score more than A
3) Game finishes as a tie.
Is the information provided enough to calculate the probabilities for each outcome?
That does not take into account that the individual scores should be somewhat negatively correlated, and that the average points each team gives up is just as important as the average points scored. If we can assume that 1.5 and 1.2 are the expected number of points scored in the game, considering both offense and defense, and we ignore the correlation factor, then we can get a decent estimate on your three probabilities. There are lots of Super Bowl props like this, but based on who will score more touchdowns, field goals, interceptions, etc..
The first step is to use the Poisson distribution to estimate the probability of each number of goals for each team. The general formula is the probability that a team has g goals, with a mean of m, is e-m × mg/g!. In Excel, you can use the formula poisson(g,m,0). The following table shows the probability for 0 to 10 goals of both teams, using this formula.
Probabilities for 0 to 8 Goals for each Team
| Goals | Team A | Team B |
| 0 | 0.223130 | 0.301194 |
| 1 | 0.334695 | 0.361433 |
| 2 | 0.251021 | 0.216860 |
| 3 | 0.125511 | 0.086744 |
| 4 | 0.047067 | 0.026023 |
| 5 | 0.014120 | 0.006246 |
| 6 | 0.003530 | 0.001249 |
| 7 | 0.000756 | 0.000214 |
| 8 | 0.000142 | 0.000032 |
The next step is rather mundane, but you have to make a matrix of all the 81 possible combinations of 0 to 8 scores for each team. This is done by multiplying the probability of x scores for team A and y scores for team B, from the table above. The following table shows the probability of every score combination from 0-0 to 8-8.
The next table shows the winner according to each combination of goals, where T represents a tie.
Winner Combinations for Both Teams
| Goals Team A | Goals Team B | ||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
| 0 | T | B | B | B | B | B | B | B | B |
| 1 | A | T | B | B | B | B | B | B | B |
| 2 | A | A | T | B | B | B | B | B | B |
| 3 | A | A | A | T | B | B | B | B | B |
| 4 | A | A | A | A | T | B | B | B | B |
| 5 | A | A | A | A | A | T | B | B | B |
| 6 | A | A | A | A | A | A | T | B | B |
| 7 | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | T | B |
| 8 | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | T |
Finally, you can use the sumif function in Excel to add the corresponding cells for all three possible outcomes of the bet. In this case the probabilities are:
A wins = 44.14%
B wins = 30.37%
Tie = 25.48%
Appendix C in Sharp Sports Betting by Stanford Wong gives the win/lose/tie probabilities for bets like this. For this case he lists 44%, 30%, and 25%. If anyone knows a simple formula for this kind of problem, I’m all ears.
Follow Up: I received an e-mail from Bob P., who always keeps me on my toes when it comes to math. Here is what he wrote.
Looked up the distrib of the difference between 2 uncorrelated Poissons. It’s a Skellam (new to me).Anyway, the question can then be posed as P(Z=0), P(Z>0), and P(Z<0) where Z is a Skellam with parameters 1.5 and 1.2.
If you haven’t already done it, you’ll be pleased to know
P(Tie) = P(Z=0) = .254817
P(A beats B) = P(Z>0) = .441465
P(B beats A) = P(Z<0) = 1 - .254817 - .441465 = .303718
almost exactly your answers.
The Wikipedia entry for a Skellam mentioned Bessel functions, which is about the point in calculus where I get scared to go further. So, I’m going to take Bob’s word on this one.
Two dice are rolled until either a total of 12 or two consecutive totals of 7. What is the probability the 12 is rolled first?
The answer and solution can be found on my companion site, mathproblems.info, problem 201.